Marejeleo

Nairobi (Historical Focus)

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• Ese, A., & Ese, K. (2020). The City Makers of Nairobi: An African Urban History (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003018162

  • This book is a re-examination of Nairobi’s history of urban development. It argues for African agency in the formation of contemporary Nairobi in addition to but not eclipsed by unfair colonial urban planning practices.

• Owen, C.  (2025). The history of Nairobi. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-643.

  • While Nairobi was largely defined by the dominating influence the colonial government, this article argues that Africans also pushed back against the colonial regime and exerted their own influence on the city.

Isimujamii Barani Afrika (Sociolinguistics in Africa)

• Adegbija, E. (1994). Language Attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Sociolinguistic Overview. Multilingual Matters & Channel View Publications. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.33169494

  • This book seeks to understand patterns in attitudes towards European and indigenous languages in the different contexts of history, education, policy, and research.

• Wolff, H. E. (2016). Language and Development in Africa:Perceptions, Ideologies and Challenges. Cambridge University Press.

  • Through this book, Wolff seeks to explore economic development and policies in Africa through an “applied African sociolinguistic lens” positing that studying African language attitude and use is necessary to understand the full development story.

• Mathangwane, J. T., & Odebunmi, A. (2016). Essays on Language, Communication and Literature in Africa. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

  • Section One of this book, “Language and Communication in African Societies” focuses on language in the context of communication issues across Africa ranging from education, public health, and music.

• Ball, A., Makoni, S., Smitherman, G., Spears, A. K, & Foreword by Ngugi wa Thiong’o. (2003). Black Linguistics: Language, Society and Politics in Africa and the Americas. Routledge.

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  • The book as a whole examines different aspects of languages spoken within the Black diaspora, but Part 2, “Conceptualization and Status of Black Languages,” explores African languages in the context of national language policy and education.

• Bamgboṣe, A. (2000). Language and Exclusion: the Consequences of Language Policies in Africa. Lit Verlag; Distributed in North America by Transaction Publishers.

  • Based on a series of lectures in the 1990s relating to the exclusionary language policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is aimed at less academic audience making it easier to read.

• Ebongue, A. E., & Hurst, E. (2017). Sociolinguistics in African contexts: Perspectives and challenges. Springer International Publishing.

  • Proposes new ways of examining the relationship between African languages and African societies with emphases on language variation, space, policy, and contact and change.

• Mazrui, A. A., & Mazrui, A. (1998). The Power of Babel: Language & Governance in the African Experience. James Currey; University of Chicago Press.

  • This book examines the complex linguistic structures of the African continent by utilizing global, African, and regional contexts. The books contains commentary on language in relation to social issues, but also language in political, economic and nationalist contexts.

• Adejunmobi, M. (2004). Vernacular Palaver: Imaginations of the Local and Non-Native Languages in West Africa. Multilingual Matters.

  • This book examines how non-native languages function within multilingual societies and relates it to larger discussions of identity and what is considered to be “local culture.”

• Hurst-Harosh, E., & Erastus, F. K. (2018). African Youth Languages: New Media, Performing Arts and Sociolinguistic Development (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64562-9

  • Taking on a youth-focused lens, this book examines the language use of Africans through media and creative outlets as the youth make efforts to eschew colonial languages and create local ones.

• Djite, P. G. (2021). Gaps in sociolinguistic research in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2021(267), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-0062

  • This article seeks to identify the various reasons for the scholarly gap in research focused on African sociolinguistics, mostly attributed to a lack of resources. To fill this gap, Djite calls on sociolinguists to not copy Western studies that ignore the importance and dynamic nature of local languages.

Uhamiaji Barani Afrika (Migration in Africa)

• de Haas, M., & Frankema, E. (Eds.). (2022). Migration in Africa: Shifting Patterns of Mobility from the 19th to the 21st Century (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003225027

  • This book focuses on migration within Africa spanning from the decline of external slave trades in 19th century to the formation of global diasporic communities in the 20th and 21st centuries.

• Graw, K., & Schielke, S. (Eds.). (2021). The Global Horizon: Expectations of Migration in Africa and the Middle East (1st ed.). Leuven University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qf0sg

  • This book studies attitudes surrounding migration in Africa and the Middle East in a time when access to representation of the rest of the globe are more easily accessible while migration becomes increasingly restricted.

• Teye, J. K., (2022). Migration in West Africa: IMISCOE Regional Reader (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing.

  • This book delves into patterns and policies surrounding voluntary and forced migration within West Africa. It touches upon themes of diaspora, environmental concerns, and transnationalism.

• Kuper, H. (2023). Urbanization and Migration in West Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi-org.libproxy.washu.edu/10.1525/9780520313941

  • This recently edited volume explores the rapid urbanization of West Africa due to internal migration from rural areas. Scholars of numerous disciplines come together within this volume to discuss different aspects of West African migration.

• Kwanhi, T., Modiba, F. S., Mago, S., Matindike, S., & Damiyano, D. (2024). Conceptualizing climate-induced migration in Africa. Environmental Development, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101049

  • This study is aimed at understanding migration trends influenced specifically by environmental factors and identifying strategies to limit the need for such forced migration through a systematic literature review.

Lugha na Umiji (Language and Urbanization)

• Cooper, R. L., & Horvath, R. J. (1973). Language, migration, and urbanization in Ethiopia. Anthropological Linguistics, 15(5), 221–243. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30029345

  • This article studies how rural migrants to urban areas of Ethiopia often encounter truly multilingual society for the first time and must learn new languages while displacing or maintaining their mother tongues.

• Mc Laughlin, F. (2009). The Languages of Urban Africa. Continuum.

  • This book delves into different topics relating to African language in the landscape of urbanized Africa and how urban Africa informs different responses to various language issues. ​

Lugha za Kutoka Kwingineko Afrika

• Eyamba G, B., Zsiga, E. C., Boyer, O. T., & Kramer, R. (2015). Languages in Africa : Multilingualism, Language Policy, and Education. Georgetown University Press.

  • This chapter looks into how multilingual societies in Africa are perpetuated through the teaching of national native languages and Western languages. Through different case studies researchers show how education in native languages can function and how attitudes surrounding a language can affect its survival.

 

 

Nairobi

• Amis, P. (2006). Urban Poverty in East Africa: Nairobi and Kampala’s Comparative Trajectories. In Bryceson, D.F., & Potts, D. (Eds.), African Urban Economies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523012_7

  • This article examines the shifting landscape of urban poverty in Kampala and Nairobi and the greater East Africa since 1970 and how proletarianization aids in understanding these continual shifts.

• Chege, M. (1981). A Tale of Two Slums: Electoral Politics in Mathare and Dagoretti. Review of African Political Economy, 20, 74–88.

  • This article explores the constituencies of Mathare and Degoretti that are both populus and poor. Chege critiques populist reasons for the uncontrolled housing and poverty as being misinformed and attempts to remedy these views within the article.

• Robertson, C. C. (1997). Trouble Showed the Way: Women, Men, and Trade in the Nairobi Area, 1890–1990. Indiana University Press.

  • Robertson’s book frames Nairobi’s colonial history by focusing on women’s agricultural production and trade during that time, the ways the colonial government along with African men sought to restrict this work, and how women in Nairobi resisted these attempts to curtail their stake in the economy.

• Hake, A. (1977). African Metropolis: Nairobi's Self-Help City. London: Chatto & Windus.

  • This book explores Nairobi’s historical urban development, the policies that shaped the city’s landscape, official reactions to these policies, and the people who built their lives in Nairobi in spite of the flaws with certain development plans and policies. Hare seeks to illuminate the realities and struggles of Nairobi life and infrastructure.

• Charton-Bigot, H., & Rodriguez-Torres, D. (Eds.). (2010). Nairobi Today: The Paradox of a Fragmented City. Nairobi: Mkuki Wa Nyota.

  • This volume of articles studies Nairobi as a contradictory city of migrants with connections and affiliations to various rural communities and shaped by colonial-era racial segregation to form a new sort of social segregation. The articles examine how seemingly conflicting identities within Nairobi and of the city itself display the dynamics that have turned Nairobi into the city it is today,

• Hill, M. F. (1950). Permanent Way: The Story of the Kenya and Uganda Railway. Nairobi: E.A. Railways and Harbours.

  • Hill writes about the significance of the railway in Great Britain’s governing of Kenya as a colony. This history of the railway is written alongside the history of British East African administration, examining the interwoven nature of the two in the story of British settlement in and occupation of East Africa.

• Holin, M.J. (1987). Report on a Survey of Rents in Six Nairobi Neighbourhoods. Nairobi: USAID.

  • Access issues.

• Ladu, M. (1989). Low Income Housing in Nairobi: An Alternative Approach. University of Toronto, Centre for Urban and Community Studies.

  • This paper examines the formal housing process for the construction of government-planned settlements in Kibera, Nairobi, comparing it with informal processes rooted in “self-help.” Ladu argues for “an upgrade to the system that builds on top of what settlement forms already exist instead of imposing policies on the residents, allowing the populace to express themselves through the planning of their living spaces.

• Morgan, W. T. W. (Ed.). (1967). Nairobi: City and Region. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.

  • This book presents an overview of the city and region of Nairobi, touching on topics ranging from geology to manufacturing, serving as a broad introduction to Nairobi and its many facets.

• Nairobi City County. (2014). The Project on Integrated Urban Development Master Plan for the City of Nairobi in the Republic of Kenya. Nairobi: Nairobi City County.

  • To gain the information needed to develop a new master urban development plan for Nairobi, the Kenya government requested a Japanese Study Team to assist in the creation of an urban development plan that factored in sustainability and improved living conditions.

• Ogot, B. A., & Ogot, M. (2020). History of Nairobi 1899–2012: From a Railway Camp and Supply Depot to a World-Class African Metropolis. Kisumu, Kenya: Anyange Press.

  • The second in a book series titled, “History of Kenyan Cities and Towns,” this book follows Nairobi from its railway camp origins through multiple forms of governance to the new Constitution of 2010. The book uses a large selection of photographs to aid in its history of the city.

• Oyugi, M. O., & K’Akumu, O. A. (2007). Land Use Management Challenges for the City of Nairobi. Urban Forum, 18(1), 94–113.

  • This article uses the city of Nairobi to demonstrate a possible way to achieve sustainable land use. It critiques Kenya’s framework for land use planning as a cause for inequity in land use distribution and recommends that broader urban management challenges need to be considered in the conversation of land use management.

• Seeley, J., Kabagambe, D., & Moughtin, C. (1983). Housing for the Poor: A Case Study in Nairobi. Third World Planning Review, 5(3).

  • Access issues

• UN-Habitat. (2014). The State of African Cities 2014: Re-Imagining Sustainable Urban Transitions. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.

  • To combat large-scale urban poverty and other social issues that accompany the rapid urban growth of African cities, this report argues for more sustainable re-imaginings of current models, addressing additional challenges that climate and environmental change place on the continent.

Lugha Jijini Nairobi

• Abdualziz, M. H., & Osinde, K. (1997). Sheng and Engsh: Development of Mixed Codes Among Urban Youth in Kenya. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 125, 43-63.

  • This article explores the development of Sheng and Engsh, two mixed codes developed by less affluent youth is more heavily influenced by Swahili and respectively Engsh, spoken by more affluent youth who have stronger associations with English. Over time, these codes have become more systematic and draw upon various mother-tongues in addition to English and Swahili.

• Erastus, F. K. (2015). The Growth of Urban and Youth Languages in an Evolving Space: The Case of Sheng in Kenya. CODESRIA.

  • Access issues.

• Fink, T. K. (2005). Attitudes Towards Languages in Nairobi. (Master’s Thesis, University of Pittsburgh).

  • Access issues

• Githinji, P. (2008). Ambivalent Attitudes: Perceptions of Sheng and Its Speakers. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 17(2), 113-2008.

  • This article examines how mixed attitudes towards Sheng and is speakers can be attributed to membership within overlapping communities that allow for looser adherence to social norms.

• Githiora, C. (2002). Sheng: Peer Language, Swahili Dialect or Emerging Creole. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 15(2), 159-181.

  • This article addresses the social and linguistic factors that influence language use and choice in the multilingual city of Nairobi. Through mixed-methods data collection, Githiora builds a profile of the linguistic nature of Sheng, the attitudes surrounding the language and its use, and implications for the spread of the mixed code in education and language policy.

• Githiora, C. (2018). Sheng: The Expanding Domains of an Urban Youth Vernacular. Oxon: Taylor & Francis Group. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 30(2), 105-120.

  • This article explores Sheng’s more recent emergence in mainstream Kenyan language domains including media, education, politics, and advertising. Shifts in population, infrastructure, and communications have also spread Sheng into the larger Nairobi area and rural Kenya, furthering Sheng’s influence on Kenya’s language ecology.

• Iribemwangi, P. I. (2020). A River from Rivulets? A Study of Sheng vis-à-vis Indigenous Kenyan Languages and Modern Technology. Asian Journal of African Studies (AJAS), Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 49, 25-46. https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09871901

  • This article argues that because Sheng heavily borrows from indigenous Kenyan languages, it would not exist without those same languages. Using a qualitative approach, this article purports that Sheng will continue to grow and become more widely used, but it can safely coexist with other spoken languages in Kenya.

• Mazrui, A. M. (1995). Slang and Code-Switching: The Case of Sheng in Kenya. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere: Schriftenreihe des Kölner Instituts für Afrikanistik, 42, 168-179.

  • This article gives an overview of the origins of Sheng, differing attitudes towards the speech, and a linguistic analysis of how code-switching is integral Sheng due in part to its multilingual origin.

• Mukhwana, A. (2015). Sheng and Engsh: What They Are and What They Are Not. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 2(1), 94-102.

  • This article seeks to understand Kenyan attitudes towards the two codes as instruments of communication. Using mixed methods to gather data, this article argues that Engsh is a variety of Sheng and that Sheng can no longer be ignored in Kenya’s linguistic scene but should instead be properly recognized.

• Mutonya, M. (2004). KiKAR: A Swahili Variety in Kenya’s Colonial Army. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, 25(2), 111-125.

  • This article examines attitudes, identity construction, agents of linguistic change, and the results of dense language contact in Kenya’s early twentieth century colonial army. The paper argues that the development and growth of KiKAR, a simplified Ki-Swahili spoken by the King’s African Rifles, was due to African soldiers who restructured and maintained the variety before Swahili’s pre-standardization era.

• Mutonya, M. (2007). Redefining Nairobi’s Street Children: Redefining Their World. Journal of Global Initiatives, 2(2), 169-187.

  • This study explores Kinoki, a restructured variety of Swahili spoken by the street community in Nairobi. The study discusses how the street community redefines pejoratives to positively construct their identities and improve conceptions of the street lifestyle. This article situates Kinoki within the complex linguistic environment of Nairobi and explores the social roles surrounding the Swahili variety.

• Mutiga, J. (2013). Effects of Language Spread on a People’s Phenomenology: The Case of Sheng in Kenya. Journal of Language, Technology and Entrepreneurship in Africa, 4(1), 1-14.

  • This article discusses Sheng’s spread in Kenya, shows the effect of speaking Sheng on phenomenology, paternity, and patrimony, and argues for the ways that language spread benefits society as well as Sheng’s ability to coexist with other Kenyan languages.

• Samper, H. (2002). Talking Sheng: The Role of Hybrid Language in the Construction of Identity and Youth Culture in Nairobi Kenya. (Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).

  • By focusing on rap musicians and Manambas, young men work on Matutus, privately owned public service vehicles as “culture brokers,” this dissertation studies how they innovate with Sheng and navigate multiple often conflicting communities and labels to express their identities.

Kiswahili

• Iribemwangi, P. I. (2020). Kiswahili as a Privileged Mother Tongue in Kenya: The Pros and Cons. Reyono Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(1), 3-19. http://www.reyonostc.com/abstract-pdf/pdf/reyono_9.1_abstracts.pdf

  • Iribemwangi argues that Kiswahili enjoys a privileged status in Kenya through historical factors, deliberate policies, and coincidence and that this status has more advantages than drawbacks for Kenya.

• Iribemwangi, P. I., & Michira, J. (2014). Kiswahili as an Official Language in Kenya: Its Past, Present, and Future Roles and Challenges. Reyono Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 42-52. http://www.reyonostc.com/abstract-pdf/Reyono3.1.pdf

  • This article argues that unless intentional actions are taken, the declaration of Kiswahili as an official language of Kenya will not yield significant results. This article asserts that specific focus Kiswahili’s use in the spheres of education, politics, economy, and culture will increase the significance of Kiswahili's official status while also acknowledging the challenges that the language will face in its new status and possible solutions.

Lugha za Kenya

• Iribemwangi, P. I., & Mukhwana, A. (2021). Language Attitude and Language Planning: Emerging Trends in Kenya since 2010. Journal of African Studies [Feizhou Yanjiu], 1, 115-136. https://ias.zjnu.edu.cn/2022/0423/c6213a393314/page.htm

  • This paper examines the major factors that have contributed to Kenya’s post-independence language planning and discusses the future of language planning in Kenya. This article acknowledges the effects of education, language attitudes, economics, and language politics on language planning in Kenya.

• Ogechi, N., Oduor, J., & Iribemwangi, P. (2012). The Harmonization and Standardization of Kenyan Languages: Orthography and Other Aspects. Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Study of African Societies (CASAS). ISBN 978-1-920287-26-9.

  • This volume examines the status of harmonization and standardization for a number of Kenyan languages and argues for a shift from colonial language to languages as the mediums for education and culture.

Kinubi

• Lang, J. (2023). Juba Arabic und Kinubi: Historische Entstehung und afrikanisches Erbe von zwei arabischen Kreolsprachen. FAU University Press.

  • This book takes socio-historical and linguistic approaches to study Juba Arabic and Kinubi in relation to the Nilotic language, Bari and the Niger-Congo language, Zande.

• Luffin, X. (2002). Language Taboos in Kinubi: A Comparison with Sudanese and Swahili Cultures. Africa: Rivista Trimestrale Di Studi e Documentazione Dell’Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente, 57(3), 356–367. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40761635

  • This article studies Language taboos in Kinubi, an Arabic-based creole that also borrows from Kiswahili language and culture as well as the English language. Luffin examines how the interactions of the respective languages and cultural influences within Kinubi are displayed through Kinubi speakers’ navigation of taboo words and topics.

• Owens, J. (1991). Nubi, Genetic Linguistics, and Language Classification. Anthropological Linguistics, 33(1), 1–30. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028012

  • This paper compares Kinubi to Sudanic Arabic, Bari, and Mamvu the two latter being seen as potential substrate languages. Owens concludes that Sudanic Arabic is Kinubi’s most influential source and makes assertions about the genetic characteristics of creole as a result.

• Owens, J. (1985). The Origins of East African Nubi. Anthropological Linguistics, 27(3), 229–271. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30032239

  • This article examines the origins, influences, status, and features of Kinubi as an Arabic creole from Uganda and Kenya. Owens analyzes Kinubi linguistically while also taking into account the effects of other languages and cultures on its linguistic features.

• Wellens, I. (2005). The Nubi Language of Uganda : An Arabic Creole in Africa (Vol. 00045). Brill.

  • This book provides an in-depth linguistic description of Kinubi while addressing the language’s growth and development and investigating the Arabic dialects that served as sources for the language.

Shona

• Chabata, E. (2011). Linguistic Variation in Shona with Special Reference to Monolingual Dictionaries. Lexikos, 13(0). https://doi.org/10.5788/13-0-723

  • This article delves into the issues faced by Shona lexicographers when they construct monolingual Shona dictionaries. The article especially highlights the challenge of representativeness or producing a work that fully represents the full population of language speakers. The article posits that certain difficulties may also apply to other Bantu and world languages.

• Magwa, W. (2002). The Shona Writing System: An Analysis of Its Problems and Possible Solutions. Zambezia: The Journal of Humanities of the University of Zimbabwe., 29(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/zjh.v29i1.6716

  • This article examines the Shona writing system from its earliest iterations to identify its weaknesses and suggests alterations that can be made by language experts to improve the system for the sake of national development.

• Makoni, S., Brutt-Griffler, J., & Pedzisai Mashiri. (2007). The Use of “Indigenous” and Urban Vernaculars in Zimbabwe. Language in Society, 36(1), 25–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4169560

  • This article uses Shona and Ndebele to study the effects of urbanization on language shift in Zimbabwe. As Zimbabweans migrate across language boundaries, urban vernaculars can communicate the shared social experience of postcolonial urban areas despite diverse language of origin.

• Mudenda, T. (2024). An Analysis of the Morphosyntactic Behaviour of Ideophone and Ideophonic Constructions in Shona. International Journal of Humanities and Arts, 6(1), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.33545/26647699.2024.v6.i1b.71

  • This article studies how ideophone and ideophonic constructions behave morphosyntactically in Shona.  This article concludes that derivational morphological processes influence the syntax of ideophone constructions and suggests further research on ideophones in relation to verb, adjectives, final vowels, syntax, and syntactic categories.

• Pongweni, A. J. C. (1990). Studies in Shona phonetics: An Analytical Review. University of Zimbabwe.

  • This book intervenes into the study of Shona phonetics by engaging with and critiquing the work of previous scholars in the first half and presenting original analyses in the second to paint a fuller picture of Shona phonetics.

Ndebele

• Bhebe, C., & Khosa, M. (2025). Chishona Lexical Interference in Zimbabwean Isindebele: A Case of Selected Schools in Gweru. South African Journal of African Languages, 45(4), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2025.2470262

  • This study examines syntactic interference regarding isiNdebele in a predominately ChiShona-speaking area. This study was conducted in secondary schools in Gweru, Zimbabwe and reveals despite learning isiNdebele as a subject, language decay persists as a result of ChiShona syntactic interference.

• Dube, T. (2020). Language, Resistance and Multilingualism in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe: The Kalanga and their Struggle for Recognition. Journal of Southern African Studies, 46(6), 1183–1201. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2020.1834238

  • This article delves into language policy in Zimbabwe, arguing that unitary language policies in colonial and post-colonial administrations paved the way for English, ChiShona, and IsiNdebele to become national languages at the expense of minority spoken languages, focusing specifically on the case of TjiKalanga.

• Khumalo, L. (2018). IsiNdebele. In: Kamusella, T., Ndhlovu, F. (eds) The Social and Political History of Southern Africa's Languages. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-01593-8_7

  • This chapter examines isiNdebele’s extensive history with isiZulu, the emergence of written isiNdebele through Christian missionaries, how proximity to isiZulu has negative affected the literary growth of isiNdebele, and the growth of isiNdebele-specific resources in more recent years.

• Msindo, E. (2005). Language and Ethnicity in Matabeleland: Ndebele-Kalanga Relations in South Zimbabwe, 1930-1960. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 38(1), 79-103,196.

  • This article examines the relationship between popular ethnic consciousness and language policy in relation to the Ndebele and Kalanga communities in southern Zimbabwe from 1930 to 1960.

• Skhosana, P. B. (2009). The Linguistic Relationship Between Southern and Northern Ndebele (dissertation).

  • Focusing on the linguistic relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele, this study seeks to understand both historical background of the two groups in South Africa, and other topics relating o the study of the languages such as spelling, morphology, phonology, and lexicography. This study finds that despite the common name and historical background; Southern and Northern Ndebele have substantial differences.

Luganda/Baganda

• Nakijoba, S., & Kawalya, D. (2024). Outcomes of the Contact between Luganda and English Pragmatic Markers. Journal of Humanities, 32(1), 7–33. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48816022

  • This paper studies Language contact between Luganda and English pragmatic markers to understand if there are any unique features to the contact between these two languages. The findings display the possibility of loan translating and the coexistence of Luganda and English pragmatic markers in Luganda-English language contact.

• Hubbard, K. (1995). “Prenasalised Consonants” and Syllable Timing: Evidence from Runyambo and Luganda. Phonology, 12(2), 235–256. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4420076

  • This article compares Luganda and Runyambo’s treatment of nasal-cosonants elements and phonetic timing on a phonological and phonetic level. The results show that the differences between nasal consonants in the two languages are systematically displayed in their surface duration. This finding has larger implications regarding syllabic structure and moraic representations.

• Katamba, F. (1984). A Nonlinear Analysis of Vowel Harmony in Luganda. Journal of Linguistics, 20(2), 257–275. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4175740

  • This article examines the distinctive vowel harmony system of Luganda and uses the non-linear theory of phonology to attempt to understand its “irregularities.”

• Myers, S. (2023). The intonation of yes–no questions in Luganda. International Phonetic Association.Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 53(1), 94-128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100321000025

  • This paper analyzes the intonation of yes-no questions in Luganda through an acoustic production study using data from nineteen different speakers.

• Nakandi, R. Y., & Mayanja, M. (2024). The History of Luganda Teaching in Uganda. Journal for Language Teaching, 58(1), 1–28.

This article explores indigenous education in Buganda, how Luganda education changed with the arrival of the British, challenges Luganda faced in the sphere of formal education, and how to preserve Ganda culture through documentation and technology.

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Images Sources and Hyperlinks

Nyumbani

1. Nairobi Skyline Background

   1. Used in: Nyumbani

   2. Source: https://thefintechtimes.com/dubai-based-hilshaw-group-partners-with-kenyan-smart-green-city-project/nairobi-kenya-looking-across-the-park-to-the-downtown-jomo-kenyatta-avenue-in-the-afternoon-sunlight-nairobi-skyline/

1. Dr Ribeiro Parklands School

   1. Used in: Nyumbani

   2. Source: https://www.facebook.com/p/Dr-Ribeiro-Parklands-School-100057146872937/

Jiji La Nairobi

1. YMCA Koleni

   1. Used in: Jiji La Naiorbi

   2. Source: https://portal.ymcakenya.org/branches/314201503432704

1. Kenyatta University Football Team

   1. Used in: Jiji la Nairobi

   2. Source: https://sports.ku.ac.ke/?view=article&id=135:sports-fixtures-results-kenyatta-university-teams-post-impressive-results-in-the-universities-leagues&catid=30

Mengineyo

1. St Louis Skyline Background

   1. Used in: Mengineyo

   2. Source: https://artoffrozentime.com/product/st-louis-skyline-in-golden-light/

2. St Louis Fair Map (1904)

   1. Used in: Mengineyo

   2. Source: https://www.reddit.com/r/StLouis/comments/gc8tns/great_map_of1904_worlds_fair_ive_never_seen/

3. Formerly Hadley Technical High School

   1. Used in: Mengineyo

   2. Source: https://www.facebook.com/groups/Vintage.stl/posts/10005099119513322/

4. Picture of Dr. Njoroge

   1. Used in: Mengineyo

   2. Source: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/dr-njoroge-mungai-unknown/KAGsARWle3O7UQ?hl=en

5. Homer G Philips Hospital

   1. Used in: Mengineyo

   2. Source: https://commonreader.wustl.edu/telling-the-homer-g-phillips-story-at-last/

6. Vashon High School

   1. Used in: Mengineyo

   2. Source: https://www.picturethis-stl.com/schools/vashon

7. Picture of the Doctors

   1. Used in Mengineyo

   2. Source: https://www.stlpr.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2021-10-27/nurses-remember-homer-g-phillips-hospital-as-a-pillar-of-the-black-community